Accuracy comparison study of new smartphone-based semen analyzer versus laboratory sperm quality analyzer.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to test the clinical efficacy of a portable smartphone-based App assisted semen analysis (SA) system, O'VIEW-M PRO® to clinically accurate in comparison with results of laboratory-based conventional semen analyses including manual microscopic and computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) for self-evaluation of seminal parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January to May 2021, a total of 39 semen samples were analyzed for the sperm concentration and motility with new smartphone-based App assisted semen analyzer, O'VIEW-M PRO®, and results compared with those from laboratory-based manual microscopic SA with Makler Counting Chamber and CASA. RESULTS: The coefficient factors among the results of the measurement with Makler chamber and laboratory-based CASA comparing to O'VIEW-M PRO® were 0.666 and 0.655 for sperm density, 0.662 and 0.658 for sperm motility, respectively. There were no particular problems with clinical use of the O'VIEW-M PRO®. Device performance in classifying samples is positive (<15×106 sperm/mL) and negative (>15×106 sperm/mL) for sperm concentration criteria, and positive (<40%) and negative (>40%) for sperm motility criteria. The smartphone-based App assisted SA O'VIEW-M PRO® showed a sensitivity of 92.6%, a specificity of 66.7%, and overall accuracy rate of 84.6%. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows a novel smartphone-based App assisted SA system. O'VIEW-M PRO® can easily obtain semen parameter information through self-diagnosis at home and induce infertile men's treatment and help patients after receiving infertile men's treatment before receiving treatment.

Comparison of two automated sperm analyzers using 2 different detection methods versus manual semen assessment.

PURPOSE: The exploration of male infertility is mainly based on semen analysis, but its evaluation might be affected by the operator's competence and subjectivity. This led to the development of automated semen analyzing systems. Despite continuous improvement, the precision and correlation of these automated systems with manual sperm assessment performed strictly according to WHO guidelines remains variable in the literature, and their role in daily practice is debated. METHODS: In this double blind prospective study, we compared the results provided by 2 automated systems based on different concepts (CASA and electro-optical signal) with manual sperm assessment. Sperm concentration, motility and morphology were performed simultaneously and independently by different operators, blinded to each other. RESULTS: A total of 102 unselected men attending the andrology department for routine sperm analysis were included in the study. We found no significant difference between each automated method and manual assessment for all sperm parameters, except for sperm morphology assessment where the electro-optical system gave higher results and performed slightly poorer than CASA. Correlation was moderate to high between manual assessment and each automated methods for all sperm parameters, with randomly distributed differences. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results show that both types of automated systems can be implemented in andrology laboratory for routine sperm analysis.

Comparative computer-assisted sperm analysis in non-human primates.

BACKGROUND: Biomedical research has recently focused on developing new models of human disease by implementing genome-editing strategies in non-human primates (NHPs) to introduce relevant gene mutations. There is a need to establish objective semen evaluation methods to select sires for in vitro fertilization to perform germline editing in embryos. METHODS: Sperm motility kinematic parameters were evaluated using a computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) instrument for rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis), and common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). RESULTS: Normative sperm kinematic parameters were established, revealing differences between marmosets and macaques. The impact of season on rhesus macaque sperm motility was modest, where changes in sperm motility related to season were dependent on the individual male. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide a baseline of normative kinematic parameters for three captive NHP species, in which implementation of CASA may serve as a tool to evaluate NHP semen quality.

Evaluation of porcine semen quality by portable and desktop CASA systems - Short communication.

When using artificial insemination in porcine reproduction, one of the most important requirements is the suitable quality of semen regarding its total motility (TM) and progressive motility (PM). Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) is an appropriate method to analyse the quality of semen. Recently a portable instrument has been developed to help specialists in their everyday field work. In our study, semen quality was measured simultaneously by the portable device (Ongo) and a laboratory CASA system (Microptic) to compare TM and PM values obtained by these appliances at a concentration of 50 × 106 spermatozoa/mL. Agreement between measurements was evaluated with a Bland-Altman plot. Strong correlation was found between the investigated instruments for all the three parameters, i.e. sperm concentration, TM and PM. However, a few measurements fell outside the defined range of acceptance.

Performance of four chambers to measure sperm concentration: results from an external quality assurance programme.

RESEARCH QUESTION: What are the changes in the use of four types of counting chambers by laboratories enrolled in an Australian-based external quality assurance programme, and what are their accuracy and precision? DESIGN: Samples of latex beads of known concentration up to 20 × 106/ml were distributed quarterly to enrolled laboratories over a 12-year period. The results of each distribution were then used to calculate a bias relative to the target value as an indicator of accuracy and a coefficient of variation to indicate the level of precision. RESULTS: The proportion of laboratories in 2007-2008 using improved Neubauer haemocytometers (44%), Makler® (9%) and Vetriplast chambers (19%) remained constant in 2018-2019, unlike Kova chamber users (20%), which reduced. The mean (range) bias of improved Neubauer haemocytometers (-2.8% [-22.5 to +32.0%]) was less than Makler® chambers (+17.0% [-2.9 to +41.2%]), Kova chambers (+33.9% [0.0 to 115.0%]) and Vetriplast chambers (+47.9% [0.0 to 170.0%]). The coefficient of variation of improved Neubauer haemocytometers (14.6% [8.7 to 25.0%]) was less than both Vetriplast (20.7% [8.8 to 36.4%]) and Makler® (24.1% [13.6 to 48.6%]) and Kova chambers (35.5% [15.9 to 123.0%]). CONCLUSIONS: The improved Neubauer haemocytometer has been shown to be superior in accuracy and precision to the Makler®, Kova and Vetriplast chambers in their estimation of concentrations up to 20 × 106/ml. Users of Makler® chambers, specifically designed for counting spermatozoa, should take care to monitor the performance of their own chambers, whereas Kova and Vetriplast chambers (designed for microscopic urinalysis) should not be used.

A fully automated hybrid human sperm detection and classification system based on mobile-net and the performance comparison with conventional methods.

Sperm morphology, as an indicator of fertility, is a critical tool in semen analysis. In this study, a smartphone-based hybrid system that fully automates the sperm morphological analysis is introduced with the aim of eliminating unwanted human factors. Proposed hybrid system consists of two progressive steps: automatic segmentation of possible sperm shapes and classification of normal/ab-normal sperms. In the segmentation step, clustering techniques with/without group sparsity approach were tested to extract region of interests from the images. Subsequently, a novel publicly available morphological sperm image data set, whose labels were identified by experts as non-sperm, normal and abnormal sperm, was created as the ground truths of classification step. In the classification step, conventional and ensemble machine learning methods were applied to domain-specific features that were extracted by using wavelet transform and descriptors. Additionally, as an alternative to conventional features, three deep neural network architectures, which can extract high-level features from raw images after using statistical learning, were employed to increase the proposed method's performance. The results show that, for the conventional features, the highest classification accuracies were achieved as 80.5% and 83.8% by using the wavelet- and descriptor-based features that were fed to the Support Vector Machines respectively. On the other hand, the Mobile-Net, which is a very convenient network for smartphones, achieved 87% accuracy. In the light of obtained results, it is seen that a fully automatic hybrid system, which uses the group sparsity to enhance segmentation performance and the Mobile-Net to obtain high-level robust features, can be an effective mobile solution for the sperm morphology analysis problem. A fully automated hybrid human sperm detection and classification system based on mobile-net.

At-home sperm testing for epidemiologic studies: Evaluation of the Trak male fertility testing system in an internet-based preconception cohort.

BACKGROUND: Semen quality assessment in population-based epidemiologic studies presents logistical and financial challenges due to reliance on centralised laboratory semen analysis. The Trak Male Fertility Testing System is an FDA-cleared and validated at-home test for sperm concentration and semen volume, with a research use only sperm motility test. Here we evaluate the Trak System's overall utility among men participating in Pregnancy Study Online (PRESTO), a web-based study of North American couples planning pregnancy. METHODS: US male participants aged ≥21 years with ≤6 months of pregnancy attempt time at study enrolment were invited to participate in the semen testing substudy after completing their baseline questionnaire. Consenting participants received a Trak Engine (battery-powered centrifuge) and two test kits. Participants shared their test results via smartphone images uploaded to online questionnaires. Data were then linked with covariate data from the baseline questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the 688 men invited to participate, 373 (54%) provided consent and 271 (73%) completed at least one semen test result. The distributions of semen volume, sperm concentration, motile sperm concentration, total sperm count, and total motile sperm count were similar to 2010 World Health Organization (WHO) semen parameter data of men in the general population. The overall usability score for the Trak System was 1.4 on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Very Easy, 5 = Difficult), and 92% of participants believed they performed the test correctly and received an accurate result. Lastly, men with higher motile sperm count were more likely to report feeling "at ease" or "excited" following testing, while men with low motile sperm count were more likely to report feeling "concerned" or "frustrated." Overall, 91% of men reported they would like to test again. CONCLUSIONS: The Trak System provides a simple and potentially cost-effective means of measuring important semen parameters and may be useful in population-based epidemiologic fertility studies.

Automation of human semen analysis using a novel artificial intelligence optical microscopic technology.

Current semen analysis still commonly depends on a manual microscopy method in clinical laboratories worldwide. However, some of the major disadvantages of this technique are that it is labour-intensive, subjective, laboratory-based and time-consuming. Although computer-assisted semen analysers (CASAs) have enabled partial automation of routine semen analysis, they lack wider acceptance due to their complicated operation. Therefore, the development of an accessible, rapid and standardised method for semen analysis is urgently needed. Here, we describe the development and clinical testing of a novel, automated, artificial intelligence optical microscopic (AIOM)-based technology, LensHooke™ X1 PRO (X1 PRO), designed for the quantitative measurement of sperm concentration, motility and seminal pH. We observed high degree of correlation in the results of concentration, progressive motility and progressively motile sperm concentration between the X1 PRO semen analyser and manual method using 135 clinical semen samples. In addition, the seminal pH results obtained by X1 PRO and manual methods were comparable (p = .12). In summary, our results showed that new X1 PRO semen analyser is a reliable diagnostic tool for routine semen analysis providing clinically acceptable results based on World Health Organization (WHO) 5th Edition guidelines.

Combined effects of type and depth of counting chamber, and rate of image frame capture, on bull sperm motility and kinematics.

Semen quality assessment requires accurate, reliable and objective methods for examination of sperm variables including sperm motility. For preparation of semen samples for artificial insemination, as a genetic resource, samples that are used for insemination need to have the capacity to result in a highly acceptable fertility rate. Several methods have been developed for evaluation of bull sperm in laboratory conditions and for preparation of doses for artificial insemination. Computer-assisted semen analyses can provide objective information on various sperm variables. Nevertheless, this equipment requires fine-calibrations considering differences among species, breeds and conditions for sample evaluation and data analyses. In the present study, there was examination of the interaction between factors such as image frame rate and type and depth of counting chamber in which sperm were evaluated, together with differences between bulls of four breeds. The use of the Spermtrack® reusable 10 µm-depth chamber provided more reliable results than results obtained using disposable chambers (10 and 20 µm depth). A capture rate of at least 90 fps is required for assessment of sperm motility percentage, whereas a rate of 250 fps is needed for obtaining consistent kinematic data. Differences among breeds in the present study indicate conditions for sperm analyses should include specific equipment calibrations for each breed. These results contribute to development of more precise conditions for assessments of bull sperm quality taking into account breed differences and the requirement each breed has for the adequate evaluation and preparation of samples for artificial insemination.

Computer-aided sperm analysis, the new key player in routine sperm assessment.

For sperm analysis, important inter-laboratory variations have been observed in manual analyses. In this study, a computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) system was assessed versus manual technique, and specific software modifications were operated to fit the David's classification already used in the laboratory. Four parameters were studied (concentration, motility, vitality and morphology), and at least 30 semen samples from 30 different patients have been tested. Manual and automated analyses were compared using a least-squares regression line analysis, Student's t test, Bland-Altman plots and Passing-Bablok regressions. Repeatability was also assessed, and coefficients of variation (CV) were calculated. Both manual and automated methods gave similar results for sperm concentration (n = 150), motility (n = 30), vitality (n = 90) and morphology (n = 90). Repeatability always showed a decrease in the CV with automated analysis; for example in normal range of sperm values, CV for manual and CASA analyses were, respectively, 9.0% versus 4.4% for sperm concentration, 5.2% versus 4.1% for motility, 7.3% versus 4.2% for vitality and 11.4% versus 4.1% for morphology. All parameters were comparable between automated and manual analysis, and repeatability measures confirm the more reliable values of the SCA compared to those of manual analysis.

Validation of a portable device (iSperm® ) for the assessment of stallion sperm motility and concentration.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a novel, portable device (iSperm® Equine for assessing concentration and motility of stallion semen). In the first experiment, semen concentration was determined by the iSperm® Equine (Aidmics Biotechnology), Androvision® (Minitube) and NucleoCounter® SP-100™ (ChemoMetec). The total motility and progressive motility were determined by the iSperm® Equine and the Androvision® using the manufacturer's guidelines. Frozen/thawed semen samples (n = 33) at various dilutions were analysed for concentration and motility with the above-mentioned devices. There was a significant correlation between the concentrations measured with iSperm® and NucleoCounter® at all the measured dilutions. Moreover, <10% difference in concentrations was observed between the iSperm® and NucleoCounter® using the Bland-Altman test. There was also a significant correlation between iSperm® and Androvision® for total and progressive motility. In the second experiment, the parameters used in the Androvision® were modified to match those of the iSperm® . Total motility and progressive motility of frozen/thawed semen samples (n = 10) were determined, and the similarity between the Androvision® and iSperm® was confirmed by correlation studies and Bland-Altman test. The results of these experiments demonstrate that the iSperm® offers a reliable and practical alternative for the semi-automated measurement of concentration and motility of stallion semen in the field. The iSperm® enables the practitioner to obtain objective and repeatable measurements on a variety of semen types (fresh, cooled and frozen) in the field at the time of insemination and thus acquire more insight into the quantity and quality of the provided insemination doses. This mare-side diagnostic tool may help practitioners in identifying presumed subfertility problems more rapidly and act accordingly.

Method agreement between three different chambers for comparative boar semen computer-assisted sperm analysis.

The computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) has become a standard laboratory tool. Although it contributes a lot to the objective sperm motility assessment, its measurements may be affected by many factors. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of chamber on boar semen CASA results. Totally, 100 extended (30 × 106  sperm/ml) boar semen samples were analysed by CASA. Each sample was evaluated using Makler, Leja 4 chamber 20 µm and conventional glass slide/coverslip chambers (MC, LC and GSC, respectively). The differences in values between MC and LC and between MC and GSC were significantly positive (higher values for MC compared with LC and GSC) for total motility, progressive, rapid movement, VCL, VSL, VAP, STR and hyperactive, thus indicating a systematic effect. Between LC and GSC, the differences in many parameters (non-progressive, progressive, slow, LIN, STR, hyperactive) were evenly distributed around zero, while in all other parameters the differences were significantly positive (higher values for LC compared with GSC), except for medium movement. Based on the estimated intraclass correlation coefficients, the method agreement between MC and LC and between LC and GSC was overall moderate to good, depending on the parameter; nonetheless, it was poor between MC and GSC. The limits of agreement between methods can vary considerably depending on the parameter and should be considered when comparisons between CASA measurements of different andrology laboratories or studies have to be performed.

Smartphone-based home screening tests for male infertility.

Diagnostic testing for male infertility has traditionally been limited to andrology labs. The advent of home-based semen testing has the potential to allow patients to perform testing in the comfort of their home and screen those who need a formal evaluation. An extensive review of the literature was performed. There are several FDA-approved devices for home semen testing. The mechanism of the test and the results provided differ by test. The existing tests are limited in their diagnostic capabilities but may fill a niche for men who do not have access to andrology lab testing or prefer home testing.

Automated smartphone-based system for measuring sperm viability, DNA fragmentation, and hyaluronic binding assay score.

The fundamental test for male infertility, semen analysis, is mostly a manually performed subjective and time-consuming process and the use of automated systems has been cost prohibitive. We have previously developed an inexpensive smartphone-based system for at-home male infertility screening through automatic and rapid measurement of sperm concentration and motility. Here, we assessed the feasibility of using a similar smartphone-based system for laboratory use in measuring: a) Hyaluronan Binding Assay (HBA) score, a quantitative score describing the sperm maturity and fertilization potential in a semen sample, b) sperm viability, which assesses sperm membrane integrity, and c) sperm DNA fragmentation that assesses the degree of DNA damage. There was good correlation between the manual analysis and smartphone-based analysis for the HBA score when the device was tested with 31 fresh, unprocessed human semen samples. The smartphone-based approach performed with an accuracy of 87% in sperm classification when the HBA score was set at manufacturer's threshold of 80. Similarly, the sperm viability and DNA fragmentation tests were also shown to be compatible with the smartphone-based system when tested with 102 and 47 human semen samples, respectively.

Automated semen analysis by SQA Vision® versus the manual approach-A prospective double-blind study.

Next to clinical investigations, the evaluation of male fertility relies mainly on detailed sperm analyses, for example, cell counting, motility, cell morphology and vitality testing. The manual creation of a spermiogram is time- and material-consuming. Therefore, reliable high-throughput systems that may be substituted for manual methods are urgently needed. The present study aimed to compare conventional sperm analysis performed as per WHO 5th guidelines and semen analysis performed with the SQA Vision® machine. SQA Vision® is a commercial device for automated sperm analysis. Data obtained independently by both methods were compared by statistical analyses using Bland-Altman plots and Passing-Bablok regression analyses. The analyses revealed that the results for sperm concentration and total motility were comparable. The agreement for progressive motility was poor, and there were clear deviations in the determination of normal sperm morphology. Passing-Bablok regression analyses and the consideration of the 95% confidence intervals pointed out systematic and proportional differences between the manual semen analysis and the automated approach.

Combined effect of type and capture area of counting chamber and diluent on Holstein bull sperm kinematics.

The evaluation of sperm motion is crucial for processing of seminal doses for artificial insemination. Here, the combined effect of the type and capture area of three counting chambers, together with the type of diluent employed, on sperm motility was analysed. Ejaculates from thirteen Holstein bulls were used for sperm kinematic analysis with the ISAS® v1 CASA-Mot system, using two capillary-loaded counting chambers (Leja® and Cell-Vu® ) and one drop displacement chamber (Makler® ). Nine fixed positions were analysed per chamber type, considering central and lateral and three longitudinal fields. Independent of the diluent used, differences were found between the three chambers. Independent of the extender, no differences in x-axis were observed with Cell-Vu® , while using Leja® , some parameters showed lower values in the centre than in lateral areas. In both counting chambers, the lowest values were observed in the distal area. Results obtained with the two diluents were highly different with a very low correlation between them. In conclusion, the capture area inside the chambers leads to significant changes in sperm kinematic parameters and different dilution media introduce considerable differences in the motility patterns. It is necessary to optimise sampling methods and specific set-ups to be used with CASA-Mot technology.

Evaluation of a portable device for assessment of motility in stallion semen.

In horse breeding, quality assessment of semen before insemination is often requested. Non-laboratory-based techniques for objective analysis of sperm motility are thus of interest. The aim of this study was evaluating a portable device for semen analysis (Ongo sperm test) and its comparison with computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA). Semen was collected from 10 stallions, diluted to 100, 50 and 25 × 106  sperm/ml and analysed for total (TM) and progressive motility (PM). The final sperm concentration influenced total motility analysed by Ongo (p < 0.05) which was higher at 100 × 106  sperm/ml when compared to 25 × 106  sperm/ml (p < 0.05) but not when compared to 50 × 106  sperm/ml (n.s.). Sperm concentration did not influence total motility when assessed by SpermVision (n.s.). Agreement between methods was evaluated by correlation analysis and Bland-Altman plot. Intra-assay variation of Ongo was 5.2% ± 3.0 for TM and 6.9% ± 3.4 for PM. Correlation between Ongo and CASA was r = 0.79, 0.88 and 0.83 for 100, 50 and 25 × 106  sperm/ml for TM, and r = 0.87, 0.89 and 0.87 for PM, respectively (all p < 0.001). At the 100 and 25 mio/ml dilutions, the difference between the two systems deviated significantly from 0, while no such bias existed at the 50 mio/ml dilution (TM Ongo 85.0%, CASA 82.3%; PM Ongo 64.1%, CASA 66.1%). The 95% confidence interval was 19.9%, 18.9% and 19.2% ± mean for TM and 20.7%, 17.4% and 20.3% ± mean for 100, 50 and 25 × 106  sperm/ml, respectively. In conclusion, Ongo sperm test sperm motility data were strongly correlated with data obtained by CASA. In addition, at a concentration of 50 × 106  sperm/ml values measured with both systems were close to identical. At this concentration, which is recommended in equine AI, Ongo and CASA can be used interchangeably.

[IVOS â ¡ versus Sperm Class Analyzer in the results of semen analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the results obtained from the computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) systems of the two fully-automated commercial sperm quality analyzers, Hamilton-Thorn IVOS Ⅱ (IVOS Ⅱ) and Spanish Sperm Class Analyzer (SCA). METHODS: A total of 99 semen samples were collected in the Center of Reproduction of Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital from September 2018 to October 2018 and, according to the sperm concentration, divided into groups A (<15 ×106/ml), B (15－50 ×106/ml) and C (>50 ×106/ml). IVOS Ⅱ, SCA and manual microscopy were used for the examination of each sample, followed by comparison of the sperm concentration, sperm motility and percentage of progressively motile sperm (PMS) obtained from IVOS Ⅱ and SCA. RESULTS: The sperm concentrations derived from IVOS Ⅱ and SCA were significantly higher than that from manual microscopy in group A (ï¼»10.24 ± 4.60ï¼½ and ï¼»10.20 ± 5.11ï¼½ vs ï¼»8.45 ± 4.15ï¼½ ×106/ml, P < 0.05), but showed no statistically significant difference in group B (ï¼»30.95 ± 11.84ï¼½ and ï¼»31.81 ± 12.90ï¼½ vs ï¼»29.14 ± 10.65ï¼½ ×106/ml, P > 0.05) or C (ï¼»102.14 ± 45.97ï¼½ and ï¼»109.48 ± 46.32ï¼½ vs ï¼»104.74 ± 41.87ï¼½ ×106/ml, P > 0.05). Significant differences were not observed between IVOS Ⅱ and SCA in the percentage of PMS (ï¼»24.21 ± 14.62ï¼½% vs ï¼»23.92 ± 15.42ï¼½%, P > 0.05) or sperm motility (ï¼»37.48 ± 19.34ï¼½% vs ï¼»37.69 ± 16.61ï¼½%, P > 0.05) in group B, nor in group C (PMS: ï¼»30.80 ± 12.06ï¼½% vs ï¼»32.98 ± 16.10ï¼½%, P > 0.05; sperm motility: ï¼»44.50 ± 15.62ï¼½% vs ï¼»47.26 ± 17.46ï¼½%, P > 0.05). Both the percentage of PMS and sperm motility obtained from IVOS Ⅱ were remarkably lower than those derived from SCA in group A (PMS: ï¼»18.54 ± 12.96ï¼½% vs ï¼»22.90 ± 12.88ï¼½%, P < 0.05; sperm motility: ï¼»26.97 ± 14.05ï¼½% vs ï¼»34.90 ± 15.18ï¼½%, P < 0.05). IVOS Ⅱ and SCA both showed a high repeatability (CV <15%), and the former exhibited an even higher one than the latter, in detection of sperm concentration, sperm motility and the percentage of PMS. CONCLUSIONS: IVOS Ⅱ and SCA both had a good consistency in the results of sperm concentration, motility and progressive motility, but showed a poor comparability with low-concentration semen samples.

[Hamilton-Thorne Integrated Visual Optical System â (IVOSâ ) versus IVOS â ¡ for human sperm analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) systems Hamilton-Thorne Integrated Visual Optical System Ⅰ (IVOSⅠ) and IVOS Ⅱ after verifying the performance of the latter so as to ensure the accuracy of the results of analysis. METHODS: Based on the criteria established in the 5th edition of the WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen (WHO 5th Ed), we compared the main semen parameters obtained from IVOSⅠ with those generated by IVOS Ⅱ, and examined the consistency between the results of the two sperm analyzers. RESULTS: The linear relationship of the outlier test, bias estimation and scatter plot and the results of the outlier test of the two systems all met the requirements of comparison analysis and showed an obvious correlativity. The application scope of the results obtained from the apparatus indicated a reasonable value range, with r = 0.988 for sperm concentration, r = 0.975 for sperm progressive motility (PR), and r = 0.981 for total sperm motility. Evaluation of the acceptability of the predicted bias showed that the allowable total error (TEa) to be 6.67% with sperm concentration at 12 × 106 /ml and 2.34% with PR < 31%, their upper limit of the allowable error < 1/2. The results of IVOS Ⅱ conformed to the requirements of the WHO 5th Ed. CONCLUSIONS: The main parameters derived from IVOSⅠ and IVOS Ⅱ are comparable and consistent, indicating that both can be used for the examination of semen samples.

Home sperm testing device versus laboratory sperm quality analyzer: comparison of motile sperm concentration.

OBJECTIVE: To test the ability of the smartphone-based YO Home Sperm Test to accurately and precisely measure motile sperm concentration (MSC) versus the SQA-Vision, an automated laboratory semen analyzer. DESIGN: MSC compared for the YO device on Galaxy and iPhone smartphones versus the SQA-Vision in a double-blind manner. SETTING: Academic medical center. PATIENT(S): Donor semen samples from 24 men in 144 aliquots. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Accuracy, precision, and agreement assessed between the YO device and the SQA-Vision for MSC results. RESULT(S): The YO device demonstrated good correlation and good to moderate agreement with the SQA-Vision for MSC results up to a range of 94 × 106/mL with Pearson and concordance correlation coefficient above 0.92. The YO also showed a very high level of accuracy (97.8%) with positive and negative percent agreement above 94%. The difference in coefficient of variation between the YO and the SQA-Vision was low (between 9.4% and 11.2%) and not statistically significant. The precision among the YO phone devices was lower (16.0%) than the manufacturer's claim of ≤20%. CONCLUSION(S): The smartphone-based device has a high level of accuracy and precision when compared with the SQA-Vision. It can detect samples with abnormally "low" MSC (below 6 × 106/mL cutoff), which supports its use as an effective home sperm test for screening "low" and "moderate/normal" MSC cases. In addition, the device effectively identifies varying levels of normal MSC in a precise manner over a wide range of normal MSC. Thus, the YO Score can improve patient satisfaction and empowerment.